The costs in nanotechnology can be categorized into several components:
Research and Development (R&D): The initial investment in research and development is significant. This includes costs for sophisticated equipment, laboratory facilities, and highly specialized personnel. Materials: The raw materials required for nanomaterial synthesis can be expensive. For example, high-purity chemicals and specialized nanoparticles often come at a premium. Manufacturing:Manufacturing processes at the nanoscale require precision and control, which can drive up costs. Techniques such as atomic layer deposition and electron beam lithography are highly precise but also costly. Regulatory Compliance: Meeting the stringent regulatory standards for safety and efficacy can add to the overall cost. This is particularly relevant in sectors like healthcare and food.
