The mechanisms by which antimicrobial nanoparticles exert their effects can vary, but some common mechanisms include:
Disruption of microbial cell membranes: Certain nanoparticles can attach to and penetrate microbial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS): Some nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles, can produce ROS, which cause oxidative stress and damage microbial cellular components. Release of metal ions: Metal-based nanoparticles, like zinc oxide and copper oxide, can release metal ions that are toxic to microbes. Interference with microbial metabolism: Nanoparticles can disrupt essential metabolic processes within microbial cells, leading to cell death.
