Trapping centers can be formed through various mechanisms, including:
Impurities: Foreign atoms or molecules introduced during the synthesis process can act as trapping centers. Structural Defects: Imperfections in the crystal lattice, such as vacancies or interstitials, can create localized states where charge carriers can be trapped. Surface States: In nanomaterials, a large fraction of atoms are present at the surface, leading to the formation of surface states that can trap charge carriers.
