Various techniques are used to characterize trapping centers in nanomaterials:
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy: This technique involves exciting the material with light and analyzing the emitted light to identify trap states. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR): EPR is used to study unpaired electrons in trapping centers, providing information about the nature and environment of the traps. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): STM can provide atomic-scale images of trapping centers, revealing their spatial distribution and electronic properties.
