Material Imperfections: Defects or impurities in materials can lead to aberrations in the performance of nanoscale devices. Fabrication Errors: Inaccuracies during the fabrication process, such as uneven deposition or etching, can introduce aberrations. Environmental Factors: Variations in temperature, humidity, or electromagnetic fields can cause aberrations in nanoscale systems. Instrument Limitations: The precision of instruments used in nanotechnology, such as lithography tools and microscopes, can inherently introduce aberrations.
