Several techniques are employed to study band structure, including Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), and Density Functional Theory (DFT). ARPES provides direct information about the electronic structure by measuring the energy and momentum of electrons ejected from a material. STM allows for imaging and manipulating individual atoms, giving insights into electronic states. DFT, a computational method, is used to predict the electronic structure of materials based on quantum mechanical principles.
