Several techniques are employed to study cell uptake of nanoparticles:
Fluorescence Microscopy: Used to visually track fluorescently labeled nanoparticles inside cells. Flow Cytometry: Quantifies the number of cells that have internalized nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides high-resolution images to observe nanoparticle localization within cellular structures. Confocal Microscopy: Offers detailed 3D imaging of nanoparticles within cells. Mass Spectrometry: Detects and quantifies nanoparticles at the cellular and subcellular levels.
