Various mechanisms can lead to the interruption of cellular processes by nanomaterials. One common mechanism is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS can damage cellular components like lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to cell death or malfunction. Another mechanism involves the interaction of nanomaterials with cellular membranes. Nanoparticles can disrupt the integrity of cell membranes, causing leakage of cellular contents and ultimately cell death. Additionally, nanomaterials can interfere with signaling pathways, leading to aberrant cellular responses.
