Size: Smaller particles have a larger surface area to volume ratio, which can increase their reactivity and toxicity. Shape: The shape of nanoparticles, such as rods, spheres, or tubes, can influence their interaction with biological systems. Surface Charge: The surface charge of nanomaterials affects their stability in water and their ability to interact with cell membranes. Coatings: Surface coatings can alter the chemical properties of nanomaterials, impacting their toxicity. Concentration: Higher concentrations of nanomaterials are generally more toxic to aquatic organisms.
