PQDs are nanometer-sized crystals composed of perovskite materials, typically represented by the formula ABX3, where 'A' is a cation such as cesium (Cs) or methylammonium (MA), 'B' is a metal cation like lead (Pb) or tin (Sn), and 'X' is a halide anion such as chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I). These dots exhibit quantum confinement effects, which significantly alter their electronic and optical properties compared to their bulk counterparts.
