Dimensionality
Zero-dimensional (0D): These are
nanoparticles with all three dimensions at the nanoscale. Examples include quantum dots and nanospheres.
One-dimensional (1D): These materials have one dimension outside the nanoscale range. Examples include nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes.
Two-dimensional (2D): These materials have two dimensions outside the nanoscale range. Examples include graphene and nanosheets.
Three-dimensional (3D): These materials have all three dimensions outside the nanoscale range but could have internal nanostructures. Examples include nanoporous materials and nanocomposites.
Composition
Carbon-based: These nanomaterials are composed primarily of carbon, such as
fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene.
Metal-based: These include nanomaterials made of metals like gold, silver, and platinum. Common examples are
metal nanoparticles and nanorods.
Ceramic-based: These include nanomaterials made from metal oxides, nitrides, and carbides. Examples are titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon carbide (SiC).
Polymeric: These are nanomaterials made from polymers, such as dendrimers and micelles.
Composite: These materials combine different types of nanomaterials to achieve specific properties. Examples include polymer nanocomposites and metal-matrix nanocomposites.
Optical Properties: Such as the photoluminescence of quantum dots.
Electrical Properties: Like the high electrical conductivity of graphene.
Mechanical Properties: For example, the exceptional strength of carbon nanotubes.
Chemical Reactivity: Such as the high reactivity of metal nanoparticles.
