Several techniques are employed to characterize nanomaterials:
1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): XRD is used to determine the crystalline structure and phase composition of nanomaterials. It provides information about lattice parameters, crystallite size, and structural defects. 2. Spectroscopy Methods: Techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy are used to analyze the chemical composition, molecular structure, and optical properties of nanomaterials. 3. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): DLS measures the size distribution of nanoparticles in solution by analyzing the scattering of light. It is essential for studying the stability and aggregation behavior of nanomaterials. 4. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): TGA assesses the thermal stability and composition of nanomaterials by measuring weight changes as a function of temperature. It is useful for studying decomposition and oxidation processes.
