SPL techniques generally involve a scanning probe that interacts with a substrate to induce localized physical or chemical changes. For instance, in AFM lithography, a cantilever with a sharp tip scans the surface to either add or remove material. In STM lithography, a tunneling current is used to manipulate atoms on a surface. DPN utilizes an "ink" delivered by a nanoscale tip to pattern the substrate. These methods offer exceptional control over the nanoscale features.
