In PLD, a high-energy pulsed laser, typically excimer or Nd:YAG, is focused onto a target material. The energy from the laser causes rapid heating and vaporization of the target material, creating a plasma plume. This plume expands and deposits atoms, molecules, or clusters onto a substrate, forming a thin film. The entire process can be finely controlled by adjusting parameters such as laser energy, pulse duration, and repetition rate.
