Nanosensors in smart collars are typically made from materials such as carbon nanotubes or graphene, which have exceptional electrical and mechanical properties. These sensors can measure a variety of parameters: - Temperature: By detecting infrared radiation or changes in resistance due to temperature fluctuations. - Heart Rate: Using piezoelectric materials that generate electrical signals in response to mechanical stress, such as the heartbeat. - Movement: Employing accelerometers and gyroscopes to track the pet's activity levels and movements.