Several factors influence the toxicity of nanomaterials: 1. Size: Smaller particles can penetrate deeper into tissues and cells. 2. Shape: Different shapes (spherical, rod-like, etc.) can interact differently with biological systems. 3. Surface Charge: Positively charged particles may be more toxic due to their interaction with negatively charged cell membranes. 4. Surface Chemistry: Functional groups on the surface can affect solubility and reactivity. 5. Aggregation State: Aggregated particles may have different toxicological profiles compared to dispersed ones.
