The discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo results can significantly affect the research outcomes and their clinical translation:
Toxicity: Nanoparticles that appear non-toxic in vitro may exhibit toxicity in vivo due to interactions with biological molecules and cells not present in vitro. Efficacy: The therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles may differ between in vitro and in vivo conditions due to differences in cellular uptake, distribution, and metabolism. Targeting: Targeted delivery systems may work well in vitro but fail in vivo due to barriers such as the blood-brain barrier or reticuloendothelial system clearance.
