Discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo studies arise due to fundamental differences in the environments and biological complexities involved:
Biological Complexity: In vivo conditions involve complex interactions within a living organism, including multiple cell types, tissue structures, and immune system responses. In vitro conditions are more controlled but lack this complexity. Dynamic Interactions: In vivo systems are dynamic, with continuous blood flow, nutrient exchange, and waste removal, which are not adequately replicated in vitro. Immune Responses: Nanoparticles may provoke immune responses in vivo that are not observed in vitro due to the absence of a fully functional immune system in cell cultures.
