Nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanofluids exhibit remarkable thermal conductivity. Graphene, for example, has a thermal conductivity of up to 5000 W/m·K, making it an excellent material for heat sinks and spreaders. Carbon nanotubes also offer high thermal conductivity and can be aligned to create highly efficient heat paths. Nanofluids, which are fluids containing nanoparticles, significantly enhance the thermal properties of conventional fluids used in cooling systems.
