Agglomeration occurs due to several factors: 1. Van der Waals Forces: These are weak, short-range forces that attract particles to one another. 2. Electrostatic Interactions: Nanoparticles can carry surface charges that lead to attractive or repulsive forces. 3. Magnetic Interactions: For magnetic nanoparticles, dipole-dipole interactions can lead to clustering. 4. Surface Energy: High surface energy of nanoparticles makes them thermodynamically unstable and drives them to minimize surface area by clustering.
