Metamaterials: These are artificially structured materials designed to control electromagnetic waves in ways not possible with natural materials. Photonic Crystals: These periodic optical nanostructures affect the motion of photons, enabling the creation of materials that can control and manipulate the flow of light. Plasmonic Structures: Utilizing the oscillation of free electrons on metal surfaces, plasmonic structures can concentrate light into sub-wavelength volumes. Quantum Dots: These are semiconductor nanoparticles that exhibit quantum mechanical properties and are used in applications like displays and medical imaging.
