What Techniques are Used to Measure Strain and Stress in Nanomaterials?
Several advanced techniques are employed to measure strain and stress at the nanoscale. These include:
1. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): This technique uses a sharp probe to measure the surface topography and mechanical properties of nanomaterials. 2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): TEM provides high-resolution images and can be used to observe strain at the atomic level. 3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): XRD can be used to determine the crystalline structure and measure strain in nanomaterials. 4. Raman Spectroscopy: This technique is often used to measure strain in carbon-based nanomaterials like graphene and carbon nanotubes.
