What Techniques are Used for Temperature Measurement in Nanotechnology?
Several techniques are employed to measure temperature at the nanoscale:
Raman Spectroscopy: This technique measures temperature by analyzing the shifts in the vibrational modes of molecules. It is non-invasive and offers high spatial resolution. Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM): A variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM), SThM measures temperature by detecting changes in the thermal conductivity of the sample surface. Fluorescence Thermometry: This method uses fluorescent materials whose emission properties change with temperature, allowing for temperature mapping at the nanoscale. Thermoelectric Probes: These probes measure temperature based on the Seebeck effect, where a voltage difference is generated across a conductive material due to a temperature gradient.
