Several techniques are employed to irradiate nanomaterials:
Gamma Irradiation: Utilizes gamma rays from sources like Cobalt-60 or Cesium-137. Electron Beam Irradiation: Involves high-energy electrons directed at the material. Ion Beam Irradiation: Uses ions to bombard the material, often used for precise modifications. X-ray Irradiation: Employs X-rays and is useful for penetrating deeper into materials.
