The Lennard-Jones potential is a mathematical model that describes the interaction between a pair of neutral atoms or molecules. It is particularly useful in the study of molecular dynamics and intermolecular forces. The potential is given by: \[ V_{LJ}(r) = 4\epsilon \left[ \left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^{12} - \left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^{6} \right] \] where \( \epsilon \) is the depth of the potential well, \( \sigma \) is the finite distance at which the inter-particle potential is zero, and \( r \) is the distance between the particles.
