Several factors influence the penetration efficiency of nanoparticles, including:
Particle Size: Smaller particles generally penetrate more efficiently due to their ability to navigate through tight biological spaces. Surface Chemistry: Surface modifications, such as coatings with specific ligands, can enhance the interaction between nanoparticles and target cells or tissues. Shape: Spherical particles often penetrate more readily than irregularly shaped ones, although certain applications might benefit from other shapes. Charge: The surface charge of nanoparticles affects their interaction with biological membranes, which are typically negatively charged.
