Several factors determine the extent of cellular toxicity caused by nanoparticles:
Size and Shape: Smaller nanoparticles can easily penetrate cellular membranes, while larger ones may be more likely to be engulfed by endocytosis. Surface Charge: Positively charged nanoparticles are generally more toxic as they interact more readily with negatively charged cell membranes. Chemical Composition: The material from which nanoparticles are made can affect their toxicity. For example, silver nanoparticles are known for their antimicrobial properties but can also be cytotoxic. Surface Functionalization: Coating nanoparticles with biocompatible materials can reduce toxicity.
