Purification: This involves the removal of impurities or by-products from the synthesized nanomaterials. Techniques such as centrifugation, filtration, and chromatography are commonly used. Functionalization: This is the process of modifying the surface of nanomaterials to introduce specific chemical groups, which can improve their dispersion, stability, or interaction with other materials. Assembly: This step may involve organizing nanomaterials into a specific structure or pattern. Techniques such as self-assembly, lithography, and layer-by-layer assembly are used. Characterization: This involves analyzing the properties and structure of the nanomaterials. Various techniques such as electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and spectrometry are employed to understand the nanomaterials better.
