While ROS have numerous beneficial applications, their uncontrolled generation can be harmful:
Cellular Damage: Excessive ROS can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to cell death and contributing to diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Toxicity: High levels of ROS can result in oxidative stress, causing inflammation and cytotoxicity. Environmental Impact: ROS generated by nanoparticles can affect aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, impacting biodiversity.
