Several methods are used for exfoliation, including:
Mechanical Exfoliation Mechanical exfoliation involves applying physical force to peel layers from a bulk material. A popular example is the Scotch Tape Method, used to produce graphene from graphite.
Chemical Exfoliation Chemical exfoliation uses chemical reactions to weaken the bonds between layers, making it easier to separate them. This method often involves intercalation, where molecules or ions are inserted between layers to aid separation.
Liquid Phase Exfoliation In liquid phase exfoliation, bulk materials are dispersed in a solvent and sonicated to produce thin layers. This method is scalable and suitable for producing large quantities of 2D materials.
Electrochemical Exfoliation Electrochemical exfoliation involves applying an electrical current to a bulk material submerged in an electrolyte solution. This process generates gas bubbles or ions that help separate layers.
