What are the mechanisms by which nanoparticles disrupt microbial cell membranes?
Nanoparticles disrupt microbial cell membranes through various mechanisms, including:
1. Physical Interaction: Certain nanoparticles physically interact with the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, causing structural damage and increasing membrane permeability. 2. Generation of ROS: Nanoparticles like silver and zinc oxide can generate ROS, which induce oxidative stress, leading to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. 3. Ion Release: Some nanoparticles release metal ions (e.g., Ag+ from silver nanoparticles) that interact with membrane proteins and lipids, disrupting membrane integrity. 4. Functionalization: Nanoparticles can be functionalized with antimicrobial agents that specifically target membrane components, leading to targeted disruption.
