Despite their potential, Li-S batteries face several significant challenges. The most critical issues include:
Polysulfide Shuttle Effect: During the charge-discharge cycles, soluble polysulfides can migrate to the anode, causing capacity loss and reduced cycle life. Volume Expansion: Sulfur undergoes significant volume expansion during lithiation, which can lead to mechanical degradation of the battery. Low Electrical Conductivity: Sulfur and its discharge products have low electrical conductivity, which can limit the battery's performance.
