Several strategies are being employed to overcome these challenges:
1. Top-Down Approaches: Techniques like photolithography and electron-beam lithography are used to create nanoscale patterns on materials. 2. Bottom-Up Approaches: Techniques like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and molecular self-assembly help in building structures atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule. 3. Roll-to-Roll Processing: This technique is used for producing large-area nanomaterial films, primarily for applications in flexible electronics and solar cells. 4. 3D Printing: Advanced additive manufacturing techniques are being developed to print nanoscale structures.
