Inhalation is one of the most common and significant routes of exposure. Nanoparticles can become airborne during manufacturing processes, usage, or disposal, entering the respiratory system. Due to their small size, these particles can penetrate deep into the alveolar regions of the lungs, potentially causing respiratory issues or systemic effects if they enter the bloodstream.
Dermal Exposure
Skin contact with nanomaterials can occur during handling or through consumer products that contain nanoparticles, such as cosmetics and sunscreens. Although the skin is generally an effective barrier, certain conditions like cuts or abrasions might facilitate the penetration of nanoparticles into the deeper layers of the skin.
Ingestion
Ingestion can occur directly or indirectly. Direct ingestion might happen if nanomaterials are present in food products or supplements. Indirect ingestion could occur if nanoparticles settle on surfaces, and are subsequently ingested via hand-to-mouth activities. Once ingested, nanoparticles can interact with the gastrointestinal tract and potentially enter systemic circulation.
