Several factors contribute to internal stress in nanomaterials:
Surface Tension: High surface tension at the nanoscale can induce significant internal stress. Crystal Defects: Defects such as dislocations and vacancies can lead to internal stress in nanocrystalline materials. Thermal Effects: Differences in thermal expansion coefficients at the nanoscale can cause thermal stress. Phase Transformations: Phase changes at the nanoscale can result in substantial internal stress.
