internal stress

How is Internal Stress Measured in Nanomaterials?

Measuring internal stress in nanomaterials is challenging due to their small size. Common techniques include:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to determine stress by analyzing lattice strain.
Raman Spectroscopy: Can be used to measure stress by analyzing shifts in vibrational modes.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides high-resolution images to study stress at the atomic level.

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