grain boundary pinning

What are the Challenges in Grain Boundary Pinning?

Despite its advantages, grain boundary pinning poses some challenges:
Uniform Dispersion: Achieving a uniform dispersion of pinning particles can be challenging.
Impact on Other Properties: Pinning particles may negatively affect other material properties, like electrical conductivity.
Optimization Complexity: Optimizing the size, distribution, and volume fraction of pinning particles is complex and requires precise control.

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