What Are Common Immune Responses to Nanomaterials?
The immune system can respond to nanomaterials in several ways:
Inflammation: Release of cytokines and chemokines can lead to localized or systemic inflammation. Phagocytosis: Macrophages and other phagocytic cells may engulf nanomaterials, leading to clearance or antigen presentation. Complement Activation: Nanomaterials can trigger the complement system, leading to opsonization and enhanced phagocytosis. Adaptive Immunity: Nanomaterials can be processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells, leading to T-cell and B-cell activation.
