Achieving XUHV involves several stages and technologies:
Pumping Systems: The process starts with mechanical pumps, followed by turbomolecular pumps, and finally ion pumps or Cryopumps for achieving ultra-high vacuum levels. Bake-Out Procedures: Components of the vacuum system are often heated to remove adsorbed gases from the surfaces, a process known as bake-out. Material Selection: Materials used in constructing vacuum systems must be chosen carefully to minimize outgassing, which can compromise the vacuum quality.
