surface potential

How is Surface Potential Measured?

There are several techniques to measure surface potential at the nanoscale:
Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM): A variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM) that measures the contact potential difference between a probe and the surface.
Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM): Uses electrostatic forces to map surface potential variations.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Measures the local density of states, providing information related to surface potential.

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