structural transformations

How are Structural Transformations Studied?

Several advanced techniques are used to study structural transformations in nanomaterials:
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides high-resolution images of the internal structure of nanomaterials.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Offers atomic-scale imaging of surfaces, allowing for the observation of surface reconstruction and defect formation.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the crystalline structure of materials and monitor phase transitions.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Measures surface topology and can detect changes in surface structure.

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