physical data

How is Physical Data Collected?

Physical data is collected through a variety of characterization techniques and tools. Common methods include:
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) - Provides images of surface topography and composition.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) - Offers detailed images of internal structures at the atomic level.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) - Measures surface roughness and mechanical properties.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) - Analyzes crystalline structures.
Spectroscopy Techniques - Used for determining chemical composition and electronic states.

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