Normalization can be achieved through various means, including: 1. Standard Protocols: Establishing standard operating procedures (SOPs) for synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials. 2. Reference Materials: Using well-characterized reference materials to calibrate instruments and validate results. 3. Data Reporting: Adopting standardized formats for data reporting, including metadata on experimental conditions. 4. Cross-Validation: Conducting inter-laboratory studies to verify the reproducibility of results.
