charge distribution

How is Charge Distribution Measured?

Various techniques are used to measure and analyze charge distribution in nanomaterials:
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Allows for atomic-scale imaging of surface charge distribution.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Measures the force between a sharp probe and the surface to map charge distribution.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes the elemental composition and chemical state, giving insights into charge distribution.

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