The size and shape of nanoparticles play a significant role in their interaction with the immune system. Smaller nanoparticles are generally taken up more readily by cells, but they may also be cleared more quickly by the kidneys. Larger nanoparticles may circulate longer but could be more likely to trigger an immune response. Similarly, the shape of nanoparticles can influence how they are processed by immune cells, with certain shapes preferentially taken up by phagocytic cells.
