Each technique employs specific mechanisms to ensure high precision:
AFM utilizes piezoelectric actuators for precise movement and feedback loops to maintain consistent force between the tip and sample. SEM and TEM rely on electron optics, which includes lenses and apertures, to focus and control the electron beams accurately. XRD uses well-calibrated X-ray sources and detectors to ensure accurate diffraction measurements. Raman Spectroscopy employs high-resolution spectrometers and stable laser sources to measure subtle molecular vibrations.
