Nanoparticles employ several mechanisms to kill bacteria, including:
Disruption of cell membranes: Nanoparticles can attach to and penetrate bacterial cell membranes, causing physical damage and leading to cell death. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS): Some nanoparticles produce ROS, which can damage bacterial DNA, proteins, and lipids. Interference with cellular processes: Nanoparticles can interfere with bacterial metabolism and other vital processes, inhibiting growth and reproduction.
