Upon cellular uptake, nanoparticles are often encapsulated in endosomes. The fate of these nanoparticles depends on their ability to escape the endosome before it matures into a lysosome, where the acidic environment and digestive enzymes may degrade the nanoparticles and their cargo. Various strategies, such as pH-sensitive materials and membrane-disrupting peptides, are employed to facilitate endosomal escape.
