How do Electromagnetic Forces Operate at the Nanoscale?
At the nanoscale, the surface area-to-volume ratio of materials increases dramatically. This means that surface effects, including electromagnetic interactions, become much more significant compared to bulk materials. Forces such as van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and electrostatic forces dominate at this scale. These interactions can influence the self-assembly, stability, and functionality of nanomaterials.
