Defects in nanomaterials are deviations from the perfect atomic structure. These can include vacancies, interstitials, and dislocations. Defects can be both beneficial and detrimental. For example, in semiconductor nanostructures, defects can create electronic states that trap charge carriers, affecting the material's electronic and optical properties. However, controlled introduction of defects can enhance the performance of materials, such as increasing the catalytic activity of nanoparticles by creating active sites.
